What Is Mastic Adhesive?

Ceramic tile adhesive is mainly available in two forms: mastic and thin set. Mastic adhesive is a premixed adhesive that can be directly applied, while thin set is a powder that must be mixed and left to sit for several minutes before using. The premixed adhesive is applied in areas where moisture will not be an issue, such as backsplashes in kitchens or wall tile. Thin set is applied in bathrooms because it is moisture-resistant. It is not typically used on walls because it takes longer to bond.

Mastic is only suitable for ceramic tile because other types, such as porcelain or marble, are porous. Over time, the adhesive could seep into the tiles and cause them to discolor. Ceramic tile is often used on walls in restaurants and homes. Mastic works well in these applications because it creates an extremely tight bond with the wall. It also sets quickly, which is an advantage when working with vertical designs because the need to stand and hold each tile while it dries is greatly reduced. High Temperature Adhesive

Economic importance

Economic importance

In the course of time and during their development, adhesives have gained a stable position in an increasing number of production processes. There is hardly any product in our surroundings that does not contain at least one adhesive – be it the label on a beverage bottle, protective coatings on automobiles or profiles on window frames. Market researchers forecast a turnover of almost US$50 billion for the global adhesives market in 2019. Especially the dynamic economic development in emerging countries such as China, India, Russia or Brazil will cause a rising demand for adhesives in the future.

Mesh

Mesh
       Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands Types of mesh A plastic mesh is extruded, oriented, expanded or tubular. Plastic mesh can be made from polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, PVC or PTFE. A metal mesh can be woven, knitted, welded, expanded, photo-chemically etched or electroformed (screen filter) from steel or other metals.In clothing, a mesh is often defined as a loosely woven or knitted fabric that has a large number of closely spaced holes, frequently used for modern sports jerseys and other clothing. A mesh skin graft is a skin patch that has been cut systematically to create a mesh. Meshing of skin grafts provides coverage of a greater surface area at the recipient site, and also allows for the egress of serous or sanguinous fluid. However, it results in a rather pebbled appearance upon healing that may ultimately look less aesthetically pleasing. Uses of meshes Meshes are often used to screen out unwanted things, such as insects. Wire screens on windows and mosquito netting can be considered as types of meshes. Wire screens can be used to shield against radio frequency radiation, e.g. in microwave ovens and Faraday cages. Metal and nylon wire mesh filters are used in filtration Wire mesh is used in guarding for secure areas and as protection in the form of vandal screens. Wire mesh can be fabricated to produce park benches, waste baskets and other baskets for material handling. A huge quantity of mesh is being used for screen printing work. Surgical mesh is used to provide a reinforcing structure in surgical procedures like inguinal hernioplasty, and umbilical hernia repair. Meshes are also used as drum heads in practice and electronic drum sets.

High temperature insulation

High temperature insulation Calcium silicate
    Calcium silicate (often referred to by its shortened trade name Cal-Sil or Calsil) is the chemical compound Ca2SiO4, also known as calcium orthosilicate and sometimes formulated 2CaO.SiO2. It is one of group of compounds obtained by reacting calcium oxide and silica in various ratios[3] e.g. 3CaO•SiO2, Ca3SiO5; 2CaO•SiO2, Ca2SiO4; 3CaO•2SiO2, Ca3Si2O7 and CaO•SiO2, CaSiO3. Calcium orthosilicate is a white powder with a low bulk density and high physical water absorption. It is used as an anti-caking agent and an antacid. A white free-flowing powder derived from limestone and diatomaceous earth, calcium silicate has no known adverse effects to health[citation needed]. It is used in roads, insulation, bricks, roof tiles, table salt[4] and occurs in cements, where it is known as belite (or in cement chemist notation C2S).


High temperature insulation
   Calcium silicate is commonly used as a safe alternative to asbestos for high temperature insulation materials. Industrial grade piping and equipment insulation is often fabricated from calcium silicate. Its fabrication is a routine part of the curriculum for insulation apprentices. Calcium silicate competes in these realms against rockwool as well as proprietary insulation solids, such as perlite mixture and vermiculite bonded with sodium silicate. Although it is popularly considered an asbestos substitute, early uses of calcium silicate for insulation still made use of asbestos fibers.

Natural adhesives

Natural adhesives
      Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable matter, starch (dextrin), natural resins or from animals e.g. casein or animal glue. They are often referred to as bioadhesives. One example is a simple paste made by cooking flour in water. Animal glues are traditionally used in bookbinding, wood joining, and many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic glues. Casein is mainly used to adhere glass bottle labels. Starch based adhesives are used in corrugated board production and paper sack production, paper tube winding, and wall paper adhesives. Masonite, a wood hardboard, was bonded using natural lignin, (although most modern MDF particle boards use synthetic thermosetting resins). Another form of natural adhesive is blood albumen (made from protein component of blood), which is used in the plywood industry. Animal glue remains the preferred glue of the luthier. Casein based glues are made by precipitating casein from milk protein using the acetic acid from vinegar. This forms curds, which are neutralized with a base, such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), to cause them to unclump and become a thicker plastic-like substance

Synthetic adhesives

Synthetic adhesives
     Synthetic adhesives are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, and thermosets. Examples of thermosetting adhesives are: epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymers. See also post-it notes. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons klister in the 1920s.

Aluminium

Aluminium ( /ˌæljuːˈmɪniəm/ al-ew-min-ee-əm) or aluminum (American English;  /əˈluːmɪnəm/ ə-loo-mi-nəm) is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is silvery white, and it is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.
Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[6] The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.
Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium salts are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals.[7] Owing to their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium

Cement

          In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement.
          Cement used in construction is characterized as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of hydration, chemical reactions that occur independently of the mixture's water content; they can harden even underwater or when constantly exposed to wet weather. The chemical reaction that results when the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non-hydraulic cements (e.g. gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
          The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete—the bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is durable in the face of normal environmental effects.
           Concrete should not be confused with cement, because the term cement refers to the material used to bind the aggregate materials of concrete. Concrete is a combination of a cement and aggregate.


Thank for Info : http://en.wikipedia.org

Cement kiln

          Cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of Portland and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonatereacts with silica-bearing minerals to form a mixture of calcium silicates. Over a billion tonnes of cement are made per year, and cement kilns are the heart of this production process: their capacity usually define the capacity of the cement plant. As the main energy-consuming and greenhouse-gas–emitting stage of cement manufacture, improvement of kiln efficiency has been the central concern of cement manufacturing technology

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Pressure-sensitive adhesive

          Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA, self adhesive, self stick adhesive) is adhesive which forms bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. No solvent, water, or heat is needed to activate the adhesive. It is used in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim, and a wide variety of other products.

          As the name "pressure sensitive" indicates, the degree of bond is influenced by the amount of pressure which is used to apply the adhesive to the surface.

          Surface factors such as smoothness, surface energy, removal of contaminants, etc. are also important to proper bonding.

          PSAs are usually designed to form a bond and hold properly at room temperatures. PSAs typically reduce or lose their tack at low temperatures and reduce their shear holding ability at high temperatures; special adhesives are made to function at high or low temperatures. It is important to choose an adhesive formulation which is designed for its intended use conditions.

Thank for Info : http://en.wikipedia.org

Refractory

          A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory brick is a block of refractory ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces. A refractory brick is built primarily to withstand high temperature, but will also usually have a low thermal conductivity for greater energy efficiency. Usually dense firebricks are used in applications with extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses, such as the inside of a wood-fired kiln or a furnace, which is subject to abrasion from wood, fluxing from ash or slag, and high temperatures. In other, less harsh situations, such as in an electric or natural gas fired kiln, more porous bricks, commonly known as "kiln bricks" are a better choice. They are weaker, but they are much lighter, easier to form, and insulate far better than dense bricks. In any case, firebricks should not spall under rapid temperature change, and their strength should hold up well during rapid temperature changes.


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Oil shale

Oil shale

          Oil shale, also known as kerogen shale, is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales) can be produced. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact. Deposits of oil shale occur around the world, including major deposits in the United States of America. Estimates of global deposits range from 2.8 to 3.3 trillion barrels (450×10⁹ to 520×10⁹ m³) of recoverable oil.

          Heating oil shale to a sufficiently high temperature causes the chemical process of pyrolysis to yield a vapor. Upon cooling the vapor, the liquid shale oil—an unconventional oil—is separated from combustible oil-shale gas (the term shale gas can also refer to gas occurring naturally in shales). Oil shale can also be burnt directly in furnaces as a low-grade fuel for power generation and district heating or used as a raw material in chemical and construction-materials processing.

          Oil shale gains attention as a potential abundant source of oil whenever the price of crude oil rises. At the same time, oil-shale mining and processing raise a number of environmental concerns, such as land use, waste disposal, water use, waste-water management, greenhouse-gas emissions and air pollution. Estonia and China have well-established oil shale industries, and Brazil, Germany, Russia also utilize oil shale.

          Oil shales differ from oil-bearing shales, shale deposits which contain petroleum (tight oil) that is sometimes produced from drilled wells. Examples of oil-bearing shales are the Bakken Formation, Pierre Shale, Niobrara Formation, and Eagle Ford Formation.

Thank for Info : http://en.wikipedia.org

Refractory anchorage

          All refractory require anchorage systems such as wire formed anchors, formed metal (for example, hexmetal) or ceramic tiles to support the refractory linings. The anchorage used for refractory on roofs and vertical walls are more critical as they must remain able to support the weight of refractory even at the elevated temperatures and operating conditions.

          The commonly used anchorages have circular or rectangular cross-section. Circular cross-section are used for low thickness refractory and they support less weight per unit area; whereas the rectangular cross-section is used for high thickness refractory and can support higher weight of refractory per unit area. The number of anchors to be used depend on the operating conditions and the refractory materials. The choice of anchors material, shape, numbers and size has significant impact on the useful life of the refractory

Thank for Info : http://en.wikipedia.org

Furnace

          A furnace is a device used for heating. The name derives from Latin fornax, oven.

In American English and Canadian English, the term furnace on its own is generally used to describe household heating systems based on a central furnace (known either as a boiler or a heater in British English), and sometimes as a synonym for kiln, a device used in the production of ceramics. InBritish English the term furnace is used exclusively to mean industrial furnaces which are used for many things, such as the extraction of metal from ore(smelting) or in oil refineries and other chemical plants, for example as the heat source for fractional distillation columns.

          The term furnace can also refer to a direct fired heater, used in boiler applications in chemical industries or for providing heat to chemical reactions for processes like cracking, and is part of the standard English names for many metallurgical furnaces worldwide.

The heat energy to fuel a furnace may be supplied directly by fuel combustion, by electricity such as the electric arc furnace, or through induction heatingin induction furnaces.

Thank for Info : http://en.wikipedia.org

Plastic explosive

          Plastic explosive is a specialised form of explosive material. It is a soft and hand moldable solid material. Plastic explosives are properly known as putty explosives within the field of explosives engineering. Common plastic explosives include Semtex and C-4. Plastic explosives are especially suited for explosive demolition as they can be easily formed into the best shapes for cutting structural members and have a high enough velocity of detonation and density for metal cutting work. They are generally not used for ordinary blasting as they tend to be significantly more expensive than other materials that perform just as well in that field. Also, when an explosive is combined with a plasticizer, its power is generally lower than when it is pure.


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Epoxy putty

           Epoxy putty is a room-temperature-hardening substance used as a space-filling adhesive. It is stored until use as two components of clay-like consistency. Kneading the two components into each other creates an exothermic chemical reaction that activates the substance for use by catalyzing an epoxide polymerisation reaction. Unlike many other types of glues, an epoxy adhesive can fill gaps and even be molded into a structural part. Some makers claim in advertising that one can tap and drill their cured product, and that it quickly cures "hard as steel" (as measured by Shore rating), though it is much weaker than steel in tensile strength and shear strength.


Thank for Info : http://en.wikipedia.org

Adhesive

Adhesive

          Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling to one another). The forces that cause adhesion and cohesion can be divided into several types. The intermolecular forces responsible for the function of various kinds of stickers and sticky tape fall into the categories of chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, and diffusive adhesion. In addition to the cumulative magnitudes of these intermolecular forces, there are certain emergent mechanical effects that will also be discussed at the end of the article


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Hot-melt adhesive

Hot melt adhesive    

    Hot melt adhesive (HMA), also known as hot glue, is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly supplied in solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters, designed to be melted in an electric hot glue gun. The gun uses a continuous-duty heating element to melt the plastic glue, which may be pushed through the gun by a mechanical trigger mechanism, or directly by the user. The glue squeezed out of the heated nozzle is initially hot enough to burn and blister skin. The glue is tacky when hot, and solidifies in a few seconds to one minute. Hot melt adhesives can also be applied by dipping or spraying. This was invented by Miles Kent in 1894.

          In industrial use, hot melt adhesives provide several advantages over solvent-based adhesives. Volatile organic compounds are reduced or eliminated, and the drying or curing step is eliminated. Hot melt adhesives have long shelf life and usually can be disposed of without special precautions. Some of the disadvantages involve thermal load of the substrate, limiting use to substrates not sensitive to higher temperatures, and loss of bond strength at higher temperatures, up to complete melting of the adhesive. This can be reduced by using a reactive adhesive that after solidifying undergoes further curing e.g. by moisture (e.g. reactive urethanes and silicones), or is cured by ultraviolet radiation. Some HMAs may not be resistant to chemical attacks and weathering. HMAs do not lose thickness during solidifying; solvent-based adhesives may lose up to 50-70% of layer thickness during drying.

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REFRACTORY CASTABLES

REFRACTORY CASTABLES

Refractory castables can be used to create the monolithic linings within all types of furnaces and kilns. They can be further classified into the following sub-categories: conventional, low iron, low cement, and insulating for installation either by gunning or manually. There is a wide variety of raw materials that refractory castables are derived from, including chamotte, andalusite, bauxite, mullite, corundum, tabular alumina, silicon carbide, and both perlite and vermiculite can be used for insulation purposes.

CONVENTIONAL DENSE CASTABLES

Conventional dense castables are created with high alumina cement, and can withstand temperatures from 1300^oC to 1800^oC. These refractory castables are great for common furnace applications, burner blocks, speciality muffle furnaces and oiler work. Resistance is a key quality that varies with the choice of materials, resulting in abrasion, thermal shock and slag attack. Casting and gunning techniques are the method of installing the materials. For the ease of castable placement, gunning materials and water are combined together at the gunning equipment’s nozzle. This is a great method of placement for bulk materials, in cases when circumstances make formwork overly time consuming or simply impractical. In general, the method of installation will depend on cost and accessibility.

INSULATING CASTABLES

Another product that we supply is the Refractory castables that are low density. These insulating castables pose very low thermal conductivity and are utilized for either high temperature face work or when used for a backup lining, which is found behind dense castables or brick work. Here, the insulating castables are able to decrease the lining’s overall density or the cold face temperature. Their strength, which ranges from low to medium, is based on the fact that their density is low and is the main reason that they are not resistant to abrasion. They are most suitable where they do not have to stand up to much wear and tear.

LOW CEMENT CASTABLES

This type of refractory castable is prepared with a lower amount of cement than the standard dense castable is normally created with. Low cement castable refractories fluctuate in alumina content, which provides exceptional physical properties, including low porosity, great abrasion properties and high vigour. These products will commonly necessitate installation that is controlled, however, the big advantage of low cement castables is that they are easily pumped into position, and some may not require vibration, because they are free flowing.

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Refractory Castable

คอนกรีตทนไฟ (อังกฤษ: Refractory Castable) เป็นวัสดุทนไฟประเภทหนึ่ง ที่มีลักษณะและวิธีการใช้งานคล้ายกับคอนกรีตที่ใช้ในงานก่อสร้าง แต่เนื้อวัสดุที่นำมาใช้ผลิตเป็นคอนกรีตทนไฟ จะเป็น Refractory Material ซึ่งรวมถึง เม็ดวัตถุดิบหยาบ (Aggregate) และ สารประสาน (Binder) ซึ่งมักจะเป็น High Alumina Cement

[แก้]ประเภทของคอนกรีตทนไฟ

คอนกรีตทนไฟ สามารถแบ่งเป็นประเภทได้โดยเกณฑ์ที่แตกต่างกัน เช่น

1.แบ่งตามปริมาณ แคลเซียมออกไซด์ (CaO) ที่เป็นองค์ประกอบในเนื้อผลิตภัณฑ์ ได้ดังนี้

1.Conventional Castable เป็นคอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่มีปริมาณองค์ประกอบ CaO อยู่ในปริมาณสูง กว่า 2%

2. Low Cement Castable เป็นคอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่มีปริมาณองค์ประกอบ CaO อยู่ในกระมาณต่ำกว่า 2%

3. Cementless Castable เป็นคอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่มีปริมาณองค์ประกอบ CaO ต่ำกว่า 0.2%

แบ่งตามลักษณะในการติดตั้ง

1. Vibrating Castable คอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่ติดตั้ง โดยการหล่อแบบ โดยใช้การเขย่าช่วย

2. Self flow Casatble คอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่ติดตั้ง โดยการหล่อแบบ โดยใช้การ

3. Gunning Material คอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่ติดตั้ง โดยการใช้เครื่องยิง

1. Wet Gunning Material คอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่ติดตั้งโดยใช้เครื่องยิง โดยต้องทำการผสมกับน้ำให้เข้ากันก่อนนำไปติดตั้งโดยใช้เครื่องยิง

2. Dry Gunning Material คอนกรีตทนไฟ ที่ติดตั้งโดยใช้เครื่องยิง โดยไม่ต้องผสมกับน้ำก่อนนำไปใช้งาน

ผลิตภัณฑ์จะมีลักษณะเป็นผงแห้ง จะถูกบรรจุเข้าในเครื่องยิง แล้วจะถูกอัดด้วยแรงดันลม ไปตามท่อยาง จนถึงหัวยิง (Nozzle)โดยจะมีจุดเชื่อมต่อกับท่อน้ำที่ปลายท่อยิง ผลิตภัณฑ์จะผสมกับน้ำที่ ปลายท่อยิง ก่อนจะถูกยิงออกไป